Introduction
Other than a typical form of compression fracture that involves damage of the anterior vertebral column [1,2], a burst fracture is a fracture of the posterolateral part of the vertebral body caused by the damage of anterior and middle vertebral columns moving into the spinal canal, causing neurological impairments [3].
Kissing spine is a joint malformation caused by close contact between adjacent spinous processes, leading to increased back pain during extension [4]. Kissing spine syndrome can be caused by stenosis, resulting in lumbar spine instability, and could be related to fractures in the vertebral body [4,5].
Compression fractures are treated surgically or nonsurgically (such as acupuncture and herbal medicines) [1]. In an unstable burst fracture, surgical treatment can be detrimental to the patient however, treatments with Korean medicine for this condition are rarely studied [6]. In particular, the use of Korean medicine treatment in patients with concomitant burst fracture and kissing spine is unreported.
This case report presents a patient who was diagnosed with burst fracture with kissing spine who was at high risk for surgical treatment and was treated with Korean medicine for approximately 3 months.
Case Report
Medical history
A 90-year-old male was admitted to a Korean medicine hospital, with pelvic pain, severe lower back pain (LBP) and leg weakness which began in April 2019. He had an X-ray at a local anesthesia-pain medicine clinic and was diagnosed with “vertebral fracture” but advised that surgery was risky because of his age and physical therapy was pursued. However, the pain persisted, making daily life difficult. On June 18th, 2019, the patient visited Jaseng Hospital of Korean Medicine and was hospitalized the next day.
Radiography and magnetic resonance imaging results
On April 23rd, 2019, the patient underwent an L-SPINE X-ray, which showed compression deformity at L4 body, sclerotic change at L3/4 spinous process, and disc space narrowing at L1/2/3/4/5 (Fig. 1). On June 18th, 2019, he underwent L-SPINE magnetic resonance imaging, which showed an L3 body compression fracture, an L4 body burst fracture (suggestive of recent benign fracture with kissing spine at L3/4), and severe central canal stenosis at L3/4/5 (Fig. 2).
Treatment methods
Acupuncture/pharmacopuncture therapy
Standardized (0.25 × 40 mm) sterilized stainless steel disposable needles were used for the acupuncture and pharmacopuncture treatment. These needles inserted at the tender points of the iliopsoas muscle, at GB30, BL54, GB29, and BL40 to reduce tension in the femoral and gluteal parts. Furthermore, electroacupuncture at 1 Hz was performed twice daily for 15 minutes at BL24 and BL25 where the patient felt pain and indicated the fracture sites.
The patient also received Shinbaro 2 pharmacopuncture injections totaling 4 mL per day, using insulin syringes (1 mL) with a disposable needle [29 gauge × 13 mm (1/2 inches)] inserted at 1 cm depth which were performed twice a day with 0.5–1 mL dose per acupoint through both facet joints between the 3rd, 4th, and 5th lumbar discs (EX-B2; Table 1).
Chuna therapy
Chuna therapy was provided once a day. He underwent myofascial release and muscle energy technique in the lumbar, pelvis, and pubis area, with hip joint articulation.
Rehabilitation therapy
To activate the abdominal muscle, the patient executed abdominal breaths for 5 minutes per hour for 12 hours. He also undertook walking exercises using a wheeled walker fitted with an abdominal band. In addition, deep-fascia meridian therapy was performed using a steam pack of herbal medicine. This herbal medicine fumigation therapy delivered the effects of herbal medicine to the core, through the meridian, enabling functional control of the viscera, which allowed the simultaneous benefits of both the medicine and steaming. The therapy lasted for 30 minutes and was performed once a day at the abdomen and right hip in lateral position (Table 3).
Assessment
Range of motion and special provocative tests
The movement of a specific joint or body part can be measured by range of motion (ROM). In this case, patient’s movement of flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation of the lumbar part was assessed [10].
To confirm a hip or lumbar problem, special provocative tests such as straight leg raise test and Patrick’s test were performed [11].
Ethics statement
The patient’s personal information and medical records were obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Jaseng Korean medical hospital (IRB file no.: 2020-09-010).
Progress note
On the day of admission, the patient had severe LBP, pelvic pain, and leg weakness which resulted in a slight difficulty in walking. The patients LBP worsened when he straightened his back. At night, he could hardly sleep because of this pain. His NRS score was 6, and his ODI score was 74 (Figs. 3 and 4). The special provocative tests could not be performed on the day of admission. After 15 days of hospitalization, the overall pain started to reduce (NRS 5), and the patient could walk with the aid of a walker for 5 minutes, although he experienced leg weakness during walking (Fig. 5). The special provocative tests could not be performed on Day 15. After 1 month of hospitalization, the patient’s overall physical function and walking time increased to 10 minutes (ODI 70). The special provocative tests and ROM tests could be carried out (Table 4). The patient experienced a considerably reduced level of nocturnal pain. After 2 months, the level of pain reduced further (NRS 2). On the day of discharge, the patient reported minimal pain and better overall physical function (NRS 2, ODI 60). When performing routine activities, he felt less pain and could already walk for more than 25 minutes. In addition, the ROM and special provocative tests specifically straight leg raise tests, showed improvement.
Discussion
Generally, treatments for burst fractures are determined by fracture stability, and surgical treatments are usually recommended [12]. Various case reports of Korean medicine treatment for compression fractures and spinal cord injury have been reviewed [1]. Reportedly, adhesion of fractures can be accelerated by herbal medicine prescription [13].
There has been a case study of Korean medicine treatment for a burst fracture in a patient with diabetes [14], and another case of needle-embedding treatment for a patient with a burst fracture [15]. However, case studies on the combined Korean medicine treatment for patients with a burst fracture, especially with symptoms of kissing spine, are currently lacking. Moreover, most studies of burst fractures have shown a decrease in pain but have not shown increased movement or motion range.
In this case study the patient underwent acupuncture to relieve tension in the gluteal, abdominal, and hamstring muscles, and electroacupuncture on the lumbar region. To achieve anti-inflammatory and cartilage-protective effects, Shinbaro 2 pharmacopuncture was performed at EX-B2. Shinbaro 2 inhibits prostaglandin E2 in the presence of anti-collagen 2 antibodies to reduce inflammation and also controls inflammatory substances such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 [16]. Moreover, Shinbaro herbal medicine has been used for its antinociception, and osteoblast growth effects [17]. Chuna therapy was performed to relieve hamstring and gluteal muscle tension, and to treat pelvic and pubic malposition. In addition, abdominal breathing was used to aid stabilization in the lumbar vertebra by increasing the abdominal pressure to create tension in the core muscles [18]. Furthermore, the patient underwent deep-fascia meridian therapy to relieve tension and LBP. Additionally, walking therapy rehabilitation was performed, and the patients walking time gradually (considering the reduced level of pain and muscle strength) increased.
Given the age of this patient, he presented as extremely high risk for surgery; thus, he opted for combined Korean medicine treatments. A radiological image showed his recent burst fracture with kissing spine (Fig. 2). After 85 days of hospitalization, the NRS score decreased from 6 to 2, the ODI decreased from 74 to 60, and lumbar extension increased from 0 to 5. In addition, his walking time increased from 0 minutes to 25 minutes, and his overall physical function had improved.
This study had some limitations. Firstly, it was a study of 1 case of burst fracture with kissing spine treated with combined Korean medicine. Secondly, it was impossible to assume that the outcome of this study was due to the treatment effect because there was not a control group. Thirdly, this study cannot confirm the effect of a single Korean medicine intervention. However, this case report is meaningful because it is the first study to report combined Korean medicine treatments (passive and active) for burst fractures with kissing spine. Considering that kissing spine can cause instability, structural instability may be related to fracture occurrence in this patient [5].
Burst fracture cases should be reviewed. Moreover, randomized controlled trials (with a control group, surgical, and nonsurgical treatment groups) are needed to confirm the effectiveness of both independent and combined Korean medicine treatments for burst fractures.
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